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| Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) was initially reported by Krone et al. in the early 1980s in patients who had aneurism surgery. It is defined as an increase in abdominal pressure that causes organ dysfunction, which includes decreased urine output, increased peak inspiratory ventilation pressure, progressive acidosis, hypotension, increased intracranial pressure and rising lactate levels. Abdominal compartment syndrome can result from one of two scenarios. The primary syndrome is related to intra-abdominal injuries from bowel edema, abdominal packing, and intra-abdominal hematoma. The secondary syndrome (which is increasing in incidence) has been observed in trauma patients without intra-abdominal injury and results from hyper-resuscitation with colloids and crystalloids. Massive shifts of third-space fluid to the abdomen occur, causing bowel edema and ascites and, consequently, increased abdominal pressure. |
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